Environmental fluctuations consistently challenge plant development and productivity by triggering a range of abiotic stressors, including water stress, soil salinization, temperature extremes, and oxidative damage. In response, plants have evolved intricate survival strategies that encompass early stress detection, dynamic epigenetic remodelling, and precise regulation of genetic activity during both RNAsynthesis and protein production stages. These mechanisms collectively enhance the plant’s ability to exhibit phenotypic flexibility and adapt effectively to challenging external conditions. Recent advancements in molecular research—particularly those utilizing high-throughput transcriptomic techniques and next-generation sequencing—have considerably expanded our insights into the genomic mechanism underlying plant stress adaptation. Within this framework, regulatory RNA molecules lacking protein-coding potential, including microRNAs (miRNAs), small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), have gained prominence as key modulators orchestrating gene activity in response to environmental stressors. This chapter delves into the regulatory functions of ncRNAs during environmental stress adaptation, reviews advanced methodologies for their genome-wide discovery, and discusses how cutting-edge genome-editing platforms like associated proteins (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/Cas) systems can be harnessed to develop stress-resilient plant varieties.