Under the dual pressures of global energy transition and environmental protection, finding clean, efficient, and sustainable energy solutions has become a common challenge for governments, enterprises, and research institutions (Usman and Balsalobre-lorente in Energy Policy 162, 2022; Raihan et al. in Energy and Climate Change 3, 2022). With the depletion of traditional fossil fuels and their negative impact on the environment, the development of new energy technologies has become particularly urgent (Achakulwisut et al. in Nature Commun 14:5425, 2023; Zhang and Kandlikar in Int J Hydrogen Energy 37:2412–2429, 2012). In this context, the Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC), as an innovative energy conversion device, stands out with its unique advantages and brings new possibilities for the future energy structure. The working principle of the PEMFC is based on an electrochemical reaction, which skillfully combines hydrogen and oxygen to produce water and release electricity at the same time. This process not only realizes efficient conversion of energy but also almost completely avoids the emission of harmful substances, such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and other particulate matter. Therefore, PEMFC is regarded as one of the representatives of “green energy”, and is an important tool for realizing the goals of a low-carbon economy and sustainable development.