Microplastic contamination is a major environmental problem due to the grave risks it poses to aquatic ecosystems and human health. Wastewater treatment plants are crucial as they keep microplastics out of water bodies. However, due to the small size and complicated composition of microplastics, standard treatment techniques often fail to remove them completely. A workable remedy for the removal of microplastics from wastewater systems has emerged in response to this pressing issue: bioflocculants. These synthetic or biodegradable compounds aid in the agglomeration and eventual removal of microplastics during treatment. Various bioflocculants, such as plant-based, microbial, and engineered types, are being tested to remove microplastics from wastewater. Analyzing bioflocculants is important, and studying factors that influence their performance is crucial for improving wastewater treatment. Advancements in bioflocculant technology have led to new methods, such as using biofilm reactors and membrane filters, to enhance microplastic removal. However, significant obstacles persist in the way of the widespread adoption of bioflocculants. These obstacles include issues related to cost-effectiveness, regulatory compliance, and scalability. Subsequent investigations ought to focus on promoting multidisciplinary cooperation. It is crucial to combine bioflocculants with existing WWTP systems in a synergistic manner. It is also crucial to develop custom materials and techniques adapted to the complex properties of microplastic contaminants. Bioflocculants use innovative and holistic approaches and have the potential to be powerful allies in the long-term fight against microplastic pollution to protect human health and the environment.