With the increasing awareness of environmental protection and the requirements of green logistics, the transformation and upgrading of logistics vehicles are accelerated. Considering the energy-consuming characteristics of electric vehicles, a mathematical function model is established with the objective of minimizing the total cost of cold-chain distribution, taking into account the customer service time window, the loading capacity of electric vehicles, and the mileage limitation. The improved genetic algorithm is used to solve the arithmetic examples to verify the model, and the optimal distribution routes are derived to verify the feasibility of the algorithm. The results show that the constructed path optimization model of electric cold chain logistics vehicles is reasonable, and the research results have certain guiding significance for promoting the application of electric cold chain logistics vehicles and optimizing cold chain logistics distribution.