In order to ensure a balanced allocation of medical resources and alleviate the contradiction between the demand for medical and health services and the insufficient supply of medical resources, China continues to promote and deepen the medical reform policy, aiming to ensure the lives and health of the people. However, due to the comprehensive influence of geographical location, environment, and population, there are differences in the distribution and number of medical and health institutions, and quality and ability of doctors. The problem of uneven allocation of high-quality medical resources still exists. This study comparatively analyzes the changes in the allocation of medical resources in China over the past ten years (2011–2021), concludes the remaining deficiencies in the allocation of medical resources based on objective data, and further discusses the equity and efficiency of medical resource allocation. This research helps to meet people’s multi-level healthcare needs and promote healthy economic and social development.