Soil microbial populations and nutrient cycling are significantly impacted by climate change, especially in areas with intense agriculture like the Nile Delta. Soil fertility, organic matter decomposition, and plant-microbe interactions have been impacted by changes in microbial composition brought about by rising temperatures, changing precipitation patterns, elevated atmospheric CO2 levels, and soil salinization. Furthermore, a rise in the incidence of soilborne illnesses and disturbances in the nitrogen cycle resulted from climate change. In this chapter, the ways in which climate change drivers affect microbial diversity and function were investigated. The chapter also highlights how soil microbial populations may help mitigate climate change by fixing nitrogen, sequestering carbon, and controlling plant diseases biologically, with an emphasis on their effects on nutrient cycling and greenhouse gases emissions. Furthermore, viable methods for improving soil resilience were examined. In order to lessen the negative consequences of climate change on soil ecosystems, the chapter highlights the significance of incorporating microbial-based remedies into agricultural strategies.