To evaluate the seismic performance of the high-strength concrete-filled square tubular column-double aluminum alloy core prefabricated buckling restrained brace structure system (HCFST-ALABs), based on the maximum story drift, roof displacement of the structure, and base shear of the structure, static elastic-plastic analysis and dynamic time-history analysis methods were used to evaluate the seismic performance indicators such as ultimate bearing capacity and ductility of the system, and practical design suggestions for the system were provided. The findings demonstrate that HCFST and ALAB have superior seismic performance, reduce the structural torsion effect, and greatly increase the system’s lateral stiffness and energy dissipation capacity when compared to other forms of CFST structures. The yield mechanism of the structure is the beam hinge mechanism, and the yield sequence of each component is BRBs, beams, and columns, meeting the seismic design requirements of “strong columns and weak beams”. Under frequent and rare earthquakes, the proportion of story shear borne by the frame and BRBs in the structure is approximately 2.5:1. It is advised that the yield strength of steel tubes be chosen between 460 and 690 MPa, and the steel ratio between 6% and 10%, based on the ideal design of ductility.