Literary and cultural criticism has evolved through multiple theoretical frameworks that engage with historical, political, and environmental paradigms. Among them,post-colonialism, new historicism, eco-criticism, and techno-criticism provide interdisciplinary lenses to examine texts, power structures, and the evolving role of literature in contemporary discourse. These approaches interrogate literature’s relationship with imperial legacies, historical contexts, ecological consciousness, and the digital age, offering insights into the intersections of literature, society, and technology.