Mitigating the unmatched negative impacts on the environment caused by the global population explosion and human activity has become the major issue and focus of the twenty-first century. The application of biopolymer composites in nanotechnology for xenobiotic management and environmental cleaning has virtually unlimited possibilities. Because biopolymer nanomaterials (Bp-NPs) possess a unique mix of physicochemical properties and other qualities, their use to mitigate environmental contaminants has attracted special scrutiny. This chapter provides a thorough analysis of the present state of the art in the synthesis of biopolymer nanomaterials from different polymeric biomolecules, taking green synthesis in account. The efficacy of biopolymers containing eco-friendly produced nanomaterials in mitigating adverse environmental effects is the main theme of this chapter. The chapter explores the potential, effecacy, and recent advancements in bio-nanocomposite technology for pollution removal in matrices such as water and air.