This chapter provides a comprehensive analysis of metal nanoparticle synthesis using biopolymers, with a focus on their environmental restoration applications. It details the physical and chemical mechanisms involved in biopolymer-mediated synthesis, emphasizing the dual role of biopolymers as reducing and stabilizing agents. A key focus is the use of titanium dioxide (TiO2) as a semiconductor in photocatalytic and photo-electrochemical processes for environmental cleanup. The chapter also highlights how biopolymers contribute to nanoparticle production, offering sustainable alternatives for stabilization and enhancing functionality. It further addresses the characterization methods used to ensure nanoparticles meet the requirements for practical applications such as pollutant degradation and resource recovery. Additionally, the challenges associated with biopolymer-coated nanoparticles, particularly regarding scalability, reproducibility, and regulatory compliance, are critically examined. Regulatory concerns around the safe use of these nanoparticles in sensitive environments are analyzed. The chapter concludes by emphasizing the necessity of interdisciplinary collaboration, integrating chemistry, materials science, biology, and environmental engineering to overcome these challenges and advance biopolymer-mediated nanoparticle synthesis for broader applications in sustainable environmental restoration.