Biopolymers are defined as macromolecules of natural or synthetic origin, with properties such as biodegradability and biocompatibility, which make them attractive for application in multiple areas. The detailed study of these macromolecules has seen a significant increase in recent years, particularly in the development of new technologies. This is due to the current focus on environmentally friendly synthesis methods and the possibility of modifying their properties through synthesis or functionalization processes. This chapter defines the basic concepts of biopolymers, including their production sources, types, and characteristics. It also provides a detailed description of their properties and discusses some of their applications. This section covers the development of nanotechnology, outlining the primary techniques employed in the creation of polymeric nanomaterials. It also delves into characterization techniques that provide insights into the behavior of diverse biopolymers, offering a promising outlook for the future of nanotechnology utilizing these materials.