Biopolymers are versatile materials with a wealth of applications due to their unique properties. Some of these properties include biodegradability, biocompatibility, non-toxicity, and ready availability. Biopolymers could be produced by various methodologies like in-vitro processes involving enzymatic and chemical modifications. Large-scale production is focussed on fermentation and adoption of omics technologies for increasing their yields. With the emergence of nanotechnology, strategies for synthesis and utilization of biopolymeric nanoparticles have been explored for many applications. Biopolymeric nanoparticles are mostly protein- and carbohydrate-based. Some proteins used in nanoparticle synthesis include albumin, keratin, silk sericin, fibroin, and gelatin. The polysaccharides used nanoparticle synthesis are chitosan and alginate, among others. The methodologies adopted for the production of biopolymeric nanoparticles include emulsification, coacervation and desolvation. Improved productivity and controllability (of biopolymeric nanoparticles) are necessary to meet the increasing demands of these multifunctional materials. Biopolymeric nanoparticles are widely used for drug release, wastewater treatment and agricultural applications due to their reduced toxicity and controlled release.