Nanoparticles (NPs) are becoming more and more important due to their prolonged biomedical applications and controlled release at target sites. NPs may possess beneficial properties such as biodegradation, non-toxic nature, prolonged stability, and biocompatibility. Thus, NPs can be considered as emerging delivery systems for different therapeutic agents. This chapter aims to understand the role of biopolymeric nanoparticles derived from bacterial, fungal, algal, plant, and animal sources are sustainable materials with promising potential for use in drug delivery systems. Moreover, this chapter focuses on the use of such nanoparticles in food preservation and environmental pollution management. A particular focus is on the preparation of animal-based, plant-based, algal, fungal, and bacterial based polysaccharides biodegradable nanoparticles. These show no adverse effect on human health. The availability of sources could also reduce the cost of preparation of nanoparticles. The chapter is divided into different sections of specific source-based nanoparticles which makes it easier for readers to comprehend and choose the right biopolymeric nanoparticles for incorporating the needed component.