From the current development of the energy industry, mineral resources in shallow parts have gradually become dried up, while renewable energy and clean energy are developing rapidly, making the development and utilization of mineral resources in the deep parts of the earth become more and more common. From the current development of traffic engineering, urban ground transportation is gradually becoming saturated, and the development of urban underground space and even deep underground is in full swing. It means that people need to normalize the development of deep mineral resources and rationalize the utilization of urban underground space. Due to the coupling condition of high ground stress and high temperature of deep rock mass in general, the deep excavation of rock mass and the design and construction of deep roadway surrounding rock are quite different from shallow engineering. At the same time, it is not reasonable to use “monotonic loading” to simulate the mechanical properties of deep rocks in the laboratory: engineering rock mass is not in a monotonic loading state under ideal conditions such as constant speed and constant confining pressure, but forms a free surface with a complex and changeable unloading process accompanied by cyclic dynamic effects, such as blasting vibration, rock breaking with disc cutters of shield machine, rockburst of rock mass in high-stress area, etc., while enduring high ground stress in depth (Liu et al. in Tunn Undergr Space Technol 81:480–493, 2018; Naji et al. in Tunn Undergr Space Technol 84:507–521, 2018).