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In the long history of human beings transforming nature to improve their living standards, rocks are one of the oldest and most commonly used geological materials on the earth. For example, primitive people used stone caves to shelter from wind and rain, and ground stones into hoes, shovels and other tools for farming. Ancient people also used stones to build castle fortifications, and used stone slates and beams to pave roads and build bridges. In today’s highly developed science and technology, the transformation and utilization of rock materials are related to all aspects of the national economy, such as exploration of oil and gas (Sun et al. in Pet Explor Dev 42(4):454–465, 2015), mining of minerals and coal (Zamani et al. in Int J Coal Sci Technol 10:40, 2023), construction of mountain tunnels (Home in Tunn Undergr Space Technol 57:27–32, 2016), slope reinforcement of highways, railways and hydraulic engineering (Chen et al. in J Rock Mech Geotech Eng 8(6):775–788, 2016), prediction and early warning of geological disasters (Tang et al. in J Rock Mech Geotech Eng 7(5):493–508, 2015; Bhattacharya et al. in Nat Hazard Rev 13(4):260–271, 2012), development and utilization of geothermal resources (Pruess in Geothermics 35(4):351–367, 2006; Ghassemi in Geotech Geol Eng 30(3):647–664, 2012), landfill and disposal of garbage, industrial waste, high-level radioactive nuclear waste (Hunsche and Hampel in Eng Geol 52(3–4):271–291, 1999; Hudson et al. in Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 38(1):143–161, 2001; Wang et al. in J Rock Mech Geotech Eng 10(3):411–435, 2018), etc.

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Introduction

  • 章节

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2025年

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  • Xu Chen

摘要

In the long history of human beings transforming nature to improve their living standards, rocks are one of the oldest and most commonly used geological materials on the earth. For example, primitive people used stone caves to shelter from wind and rain, and ground stones into hoes, shovels and other tools for farming. Ancient people also used stones to build castle fortifications, and used stone slates and beams to pave roads and build bridges. In today’s highly developed science and technology, the transformation and utilization of rock materials are related to all aspects of the national economy, such as exploration of oil and gas (Sun et al. in Pet Explor Dev 42(4):454–465, 2015), mining of minerals and coal (Zamani et al. in Int J Coal Sci Technol 10:40, 2023), construction of mountain tunnels (Home in Tunn Undergr Space Technol 57:27–32, 2016), slope reinforcement of highways, railways and hydraulic engineering (Chen et al. in J Rock Mech Geotech Eng 8(6):775–788, 2016), prediction and early warning of geological disasters (Tang et al. in J Rock Mech Geotech Eng 7(5):493–508, 2015; Bhattacharya et al. in Nat Hazard Rev 13(4):260–271, 2012), development and utilization of geothermal resources (Pruess in Geothermics 35(4):351–367, 2006; Ghassemi in Geotech Geol Eng 30(3):647–664, 2012), landfill and disposal of garbage, industrial waste, high-level radioactive nuclear waste (Hunsche and Hampel in Eng Geol 52(3–4):271–291, 1999; Hudson et al. in Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 38(1):143–161, 2001; Wang et al. in J Rock Mech Geotech Eng 10(3):411–435, 2018), etc.