Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. ex DC., or Indian rosewood, a highly valued deciduous tree of the Fabaceae family, is renowned for its high-quality timber, ecological significance, and adaptability. It thrives in tropical and subtropical climates, tolerating temperatures between 4 and 50 °C and annual rainfall ranging from 500 to 4500 mm. The species can be propagated through seeds, coppicing, and root suckers. Although widely used in afforestation initiatives, it is a slow-growing tree with an irregular form and weak branching patterns. Various institutions in India, Pakistan, and Nepal have undertaken tree improvement programmes to enhance its genetic traits. In India, these efforts have led to the development of disease-resistant (FRI-DS-14) and high-yielding clones (AFRI-DS1, AFRI-DS-2, AFRI-DS-4, and FCRIDS18). Beyond its economic value, Dalbergia sissoo plays a crucial role in soil conservation and nitrogen fixation. However, despite its resilience, the species remains vulnerable to pests, defoliators, and environmental stressors.