This study examined two-dimensional nanoparticles called Xenes and MXenes. Xenes have the potential to become as versatile and useful as graphene. Unlike graphene, Xenes have a honeycomb lattice and exhibit diverse characteristics and uses. Epitaxy and other methods can create Xenes such as silicene, germanene, phosphorene and antimonene, with each Xene possessing distinct features determined by its elemental composition. Xenes are particularly intriguing for applications in nanotechnology because of their wide range of properties, which span from metallic to topological insulators. MXenes, a subclass of Xenes, have emerged as a groundbreaking class of two-dimensional materials due to their exceptional properties, including high electrical conductivity, hydrophilicity and tunable surface chemistry. Synthesized primarily from MAX phases through selective etching processes, MXenes consist of transition metal carbides, nitrides, or carbonitrides and offer unique opportunities for multifunctional applications. Their extensive surface area and chemical versatility make them ideal for a wide range of fields, including energy storage, environmental remediation and electromagnetic shielding. This work places particular focus on the synthesis and properties of Xene and MXene derivatives, highlighting their potential uses in biomedical engineering. MXenes are especially promising for biomedical applications due to their biocompatibility, photothermal conversion efficiency and ability to serve as carriers for drug delivery and imaging agents. By examining the structure, properties and manufacturing techniques of these nanomaterials, this review underscores the potential of Xenes and MXenes as novel and powerful materials for significant advancements in biomedicine and beyond.