This chapter explores critical care practices necessary to support optimal development during early childhood, with focused attention on children under two years and preschool-aged children. It introduces the World Health Organization’s Nurturing Care Framework, which outlines five essential components—health, nutrition, responsive caregiving, safety and security, and early learning—as the foundation for holistic early childhood care. The chapter details newborn care practices immediately after birth, including drying, breastfeeding, and monitoring birth weight. Special emphasis is placed on the care of low birth weight (LBW) and preterm infants, highlighting the effectiveness of Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) as a low-cost, high-impact intervention. Further sections address the evolving needs of infants and young children, including nutrition (breastfeeding, weaning, and solid food introduction), hygiene, healthcare, sleep, and psycho- social stimulation. By addressing both biological and emotional needs, the chapter underscores how informed caregiving in the early years can significantly reduce neonatal mortality and support lifelong health and development.