The Xia, Shang, and Western Zhou Dynasties were collectively referred to as the “Three Dynasties” by scholars of the Warring States period (475–221 BCE), Qin Dynasty (221–206 BCE), and Han Dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE). The period is not just a concept of time but a symbol of the traditions and longstanding history of Chinese civilization. According to traditional Confucianism, what was created and accomplished in the cultural sphere during the Three Dynasties may be summarized as one concept: ritual (li). For instance, Implements of Rites, Book of Rites states, “The ritual of the Three Dynasties was consistent, and the people adhered to it.”

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Rituals of the Xia and Shang Dynasties (c. 2070–1046 BCE)

摘要

The Xia, Shang, and Western Zhou Dynasties were collectively referred to as the “Three Dynasties” by scholars of the Warring States period (475–221 BCE), Qin Dynasty (221–206 BCE), and Han Dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE). The period is not just a concept of time but a symbol of the traditions and longstanding history of Chinese civilization. According to traditional Confucianism, what was created and accomplished in the cultural sphere during the Three Dynasties may be summarized as one concept: ritual (li). For instance, Implements of Rites, Book of Rites states, “The ritual of the Three Dynasties was consistent, and the people adhered to it.”