Japan has adopted a multifaceted approach to providing humanitarian assistance to Myanmar following the military coup in February 2021. This chapter examines four distinct channels of aid delivery: UN organizations; Myanmar-based NGOs; Thailand-based NGOs; and Bangladesh-based NGOs. Japan has allocated over $150 million in humanitarian aid through UN agencies since the coup. However, the effectiveness of this assistance has been constrained by the Tatmadaw’s obstruction of aid delivery to areas controlled by the National Unity Government (NUG) and ethnic minorities. The complex political landscape has resulted in the inequitable distribution of aid, potentially benefiting the military regime more than intended. The second channel, involving Myanmar-based NGOs, has faced significant operational challenges due to political instability. The third channel, encompassing NGOs in Thailand, comprises three categories: funding through the Japan Platform; Grant Assistance for Japanese NGO Projects; and Grant Assistance for Grassroots Human Security Projects. While these initiatives have yielded some notable results, their overall impact has been limited by funding constraints and the scale of refugee needs. The fourth channel addresses the Rohingya refugee crisis in Bangladesh, with Japan Platform playing a key role. However, declining NGO participation and persistent funding challenges have hindered the achievement of program objectives. This study highlights the limitations of existing aid models in navigating complex political dynamics and protracted refugee situations. Japan’s experiences underscore the need for more adaptive, context-specific approaches to humanitarian assistance in conflict-affected regions.