The Gandhāra region, home to hundreds of monuments, has been a sacred Buddhist land for centuries. While these structures have suffered damage from natural hazards, human activity has been particularly destructive. Since the early 19th century, unscientific excavations—a persistent problem—have destroyed archaeological context and, probably, damaged interior wall paintings. Initial discoveries provided only fragmentary evidence of paintings, leading to a consensus that Gandhāra's climate was unsuitable for frescoes or murals. However, this view has been challenged by recent finds. Although some frescoes remain in situ and others are preserved in Pakistani museums, many have been lost entirely due to neglect. This study analyzes these artworks for their aesthetic value and historical significance while also situating them within their archaeological and landscape contexts. The aim is to construct a clearer chronology for the history and application of mural art in Gandhāra.