Resorbable composites represent an innovative class of biomaterials designed for temporary medical applications, offering tailored mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. This paper explores the fundamental aspects of resorbable composites, including their composition, structure, and the roles of polymer matrices such as polylactic acid (PLA) and polyglycolic acid (PGA), along with various reinforcements like bioceramics and bioactive glass. The integration of additives and surface modifications is examined to highlight how biodegradation accelerants, antibacterial coatings, and surface treatments can improve clinical outcomes by enhancing degradation control, biocompatibility, and infection prevention. A range of processing techniques—such as extrusion, injection molding, 3D printing, and electro spinning—are discussed, each offering distinct advantages in producing composites with specific geometries, mechanical properties, and applications. The challenges inherent in processing resorbable composites, including thermal sensitivity, structural integrity, and hybrid material compatibility, are addressed, alongside strategies for overcoming these obstacles through optimized process design and quality control. Additionally, biodegradation mechanisms, mechanical properties, and biocompatibility considerations are analyzed to better understand the interaction between resorbable composites and biological environments. Finally, the paper explores the wide range of clinical applications, from orthopedic implants to drug delivery systems, underscoring the potential of resorbable composites to revolutionize medical science. By integrating advances in material science, processing technologies, and clinical research, resorbable composites are positioned to play a pivotal role in the future of personalized medicine and regenerative healthcare.