The safety and biocompatibility of polymeric materials used in medical implants are critical for their effective use in the human body. This research examines toxicology assessment techniques for these materials, covering chemical, biological, and mechanical evaluations to detect risks such as cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and immune responses. Advanced analytical methods like gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) are applied to identify and measure leachable and degradation byproducts. Biological tests, including in vitro and in vivo studies, assess cell viability, tissue interactions, and systemic toxicity. Challenges associated with evaluating nanostructured polymers and bioactive materials are discussed alongside innovations in computational toxicology for predictive assessments. Emphasis is placed on the role of regulatory frameworks, such as ISO 10993 and FDA standards, in harmonizing toxicology testing protocols. The study aims to support the development and selection of polymeric materials with superior biocompatibility and minimized risks, contributing to better outcomes in medical implant applications.