Currently, wastewater treatment is the greatest challenge and is developing daily critical environmental problems. Due to the tremendous increase in the total world’s population, rapid increase in industries and metropolitan cities, inadequate water treatment, and lack of efficient and cost-effective treatment processes, we are generating huge quantity of waste water. Approximately, worldwide two billion people do not have access to clean and safe drinking water. This problem is observed in both rural and urban areas of developing countries. Industries release wastewater which contains highly toxic compounds such as heavy metalsHeavy metals and radioactive elements that badly impact the health of living organisms. In the present scenario, various technologies have been developed to remove these toxic chemicals and ions, including precipitation and co-precipitation, adsorption, flocculationFlocculation, ion exchange, coagulationCoagulation, membrane filtration, and solvent extraction, but it is very expensive, consumes a lot of energy, and some technologies pose environmental hazards. For these reasons, scientists are trying to find out for new advanced and cost-effective membrane technology for wastewater treatment and purification. In today’s world, biopolymer-based technologies are the most recent techniques based on using microorganisms to purify wastewater. The use of biopolymer-based nanocomposite materials to clean wastewater has made water recycling feasible, eco-friendly, and cost-effective. CelluloseCellulose is a highly abundant biopolymer derived from wood, plants, and microbes. Currently, temperature, pH, and agitation are all regulated during the synthesis of celluloseCellulose nanofibers (CNFs). Recently, there has been a lot of interest in the bacterial synthesis of CNFs, or bacterial cellulose (BC) (from Thermus thermophilus, Pseudomonas stutzeri, and a plethora of more extremophiles). The hydrophilicity, biodegradability, renewability, and mechanical characteristics of these newly formed natural biopolymersBiopolymers are extraordinary. The proposed study will be made of biopolymer using bacterial cellulose (BC) and excellent photo-thermal activity for wastewater treatment and purification that can help cost-effective wastewater treatment to reduce water pollution levels.