Municipal wastewater, also known as sewage or sanitary sewage, refers to the waterborne waste generated by households, commercial establishments, and institutions in urban areas. It comprises domestic wastewater from toilets, sinks, showers, and laundry, as well as industrial wastewater from manufacturing processes, and storm water runoff. Proper management of municipal wastewater is crucial to protect water resources, public health, and the sustainability of urban areas. Municipal wastewater is a complex mixture that includes various components: