This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of osteoporosis, focusing on its pathophysiology and the distinction between primary and secondary forms. It explores the risk factors associated with osteoporosis, with particular attention to the hormonal changes that increase susceptibility, especially in postmenopausal women. This chapter also covers the assessment of fracture risk using the FRAX® tool, offering insights into preventive strategies through lifestyle modifications and dietary recommendations. Additionally, various pharmacological treatments for osteoporosis, including bisphosphonates, selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), and hormone replacement therapy (HRT), are examined. This chapter concludes with a discussion on vertebral compression fractures (VCFs), outlining the associated risk factors, conservative management approaches, and surgical interventions like vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty.