Experimental heating tests are both time-consuming and costly, which makes model-based approaches essential for designing efficient alternating current (AC) heating. The development of rapid internal-heating strategies for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in low-temperature environments requires accurate simulation models. During the battery heating process, both electrical parameters and temperature can affect the heating performance. Therefore, integrating the electrical and thermal models is essential to establish an electro-thermal coupling framework. However, low-temperature operation significantly degrades battery performance due to the strong nonlinearity of electrode processes. These processes are highly sensitive to temperature, state of charge (SOC), and current amplitude. As a result, LIBs exhibit complex, time-varying, and nonlinear behaviors, making it challenging to accurately model heat generation and aging mechanisms under low-temperature conditions. Current research primarily focuses on two types of models: the electrochemical-thermal coupling model and the equivalent circuit-thermal coupling model. The electrochemical-thermal model, based on detailed electrochemical mechanisms (e.g., pseudo-two-dimensional models), can accurately describe internal battery states such as lithium-ion concentration gradients and lithium plating risks. However, its high computational complexity limits its real-time application. Conversely, the equivalent circuit-thermal model, which simplifies battery's electrical behavior using components like resistors and capacitors, offers computational efficiency and is suitable for real-time control. However, it lacks the ability to reveal internal electrochemical processes. Then, this chapter introduces the application of these two models in the field of AC heating. An electrochemical-thermal coupling model of LIBs was established to investigate the effects of low temperatures on battery behavior. Simulation results revealed that at low temperatures, the rate of electrochemical reactions, liquid-phase ionic conductivity, and diffusion coefficients all influence the impedance characteristics of the battery to varying degrees. It was also identified that lithium plating is the primary failure mode during low-temperature AC heating. However, the high computational requirements of the electrochemical model make it impractical for real-time application. To address this issue, this chapter proposes an equivalent circuit model (ECM) based on three-electrode battery. The reference electrode enables this model to effectively monitor lithium plating, but the structural modifications required make it unsuitable for widespread execution. Therefore, an equivalent circuit-thermal coupling model based on full battery was also proposed, offering a critical tool for low-temperature AC heating optimization.