Radioactive waste pollution in the environment has increased due to increased human activities. Humans and animals were regularly exposed to radioactive waste through a variety of channels, resulting in long-term health impacts such as cancer and other diseases. The rapid radionuclide discharge into the environment has led to the development of public and academic interest in radionuclide processing. Its removal or transformation from the environment is extremely difficult; nevertheless, bacteria provide an attractive alternative option for radioactive waste cleanup known as “bioremediation.” The bacteria used several mechanisms to change refractory organic compounds from radioactive waste into less hazardous, less radioactive, or more useful forms. Genetically engineered microorganisms that can degrade or transform radionuclides in the environment have also increasingly been utilized over the past decades. Thus, native bacteria with the ability to tolerate radionuclides naturally can be studied and used for the bioremediation of these hazardous wastes. Furthermore, genetically modified bacteria, in conjunction with an omics-based strategy, could be employed as a long-term alternative option for removing or transforming radionuclides from the environment.