This chapter discusses innovative biochemical and biotechnological approaches for sustainable resource recovery, focusing on the conversion of biodegradable waste into valuable products within a circular bioeconomy framework. The three main approaches discussed are enzymatic degradation, microbial and algal biorefinery strategies, and the integration of advanced biotechnologies in green biorefinery solutions. Enzymatic hydrolysis exploits biocatalysts, carbohydrases, proteases, and lipases to break down large organic molecules into simpler molecular entities for the easy retrieval of resources that can be used for applications in biofuels, pharmaceuticals, and bioremediation. Microbial and algal biorefineries exploit the metabolic potential of bacteria, fungi, yeasts, and algae to convert waste into biofuels, biochemicals, biopolymers, and nutraceuticals through sustainable cultivation techniques, including photobioreactors and closed-loop systems. This brings advanced biotechnologies and synthetic biology and omics to precise metabolic engineering: with maximum efficiency and yield. Bioprocesses case studies are provided, showcasing both synthetic biology and omics potentials by reducing environmental impact, mainly using fossil resources. This cumulative potential of these approaches reveals options with versatility and sustainability in exploiting the value of the stream toward enhanced resilience in the economy while it continues to support environmental prosperity. As industries, researchers, and policymakers work together to advance those biotechnologies, prospects for a bio-based, resource-efficient economy grow in line with the world’s sustainability goals. This chapter highlights biochemical and biotechnological innovations that transform waste into a resource and advance green biorefinery solutions to help create a resilient future.