This chapter describes how bioprocessing technologies transform biodegradable waste into valuable products, enabling sustainable waste management and resource recovery. Three general strategies are described: composting, anaerobic digestion, and fermentation. Composting is a natural aerobic process in which microorganisms break down organic waste, producing nutrient-rich compost. This product is a fertilizer, growth medium, and conditioner for soil for agriculture, landscape, and environmental restoration. Anaerobic digestion (AD) is the microbial degradation of organic matter without oxygen, which produces biogas (a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide) and digests it. Biogas is a renewable energy source for electricity, heat, and transport, and digestate can be reused as fertilizer or upgraded. Fermentation employs microbial activity to transform organic feedstocks—sugars, starches, and lignocellulosic biomass—into biofuels, organic acids, enzymes, and microbial biomass. Batch, continuous, and solid-state fermentation processes are employed to generate these products, which are utilized for bioenergy, food, pharmaceuticals, and biotechnology applications. Integrating these biotechnologies into waste management systems promotes dynamic and sustainable practices, promoting environmental sustainability and circular economy ideas. This chapter emphasizes the significant role of bioprocessing in transforming waste into valuable resources to move toward a more sustainable world.