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This present study examines mixed convection inside a lid-driven square cavity, comparing the thermo-physical properties of water and kerosene as base fluids, with \(Fe_3O_4\) nanoparticles held constant under varying thermal conditions on the cavity walls. The model is governed by the non-linear Navier-Stokes and energy equations, solved numerically utilizing a finite difference technique with a pseudo-time iterative technique. Key parameters analyzed include Reynolds number ( \(100 \le Re \le 500\) ), Prandtl number ( \(Pr=0.7\) for water, \(Pr=23\) for kerosene), Richardson number ( \(0 \le Ri \le 3\) ), and nanoparticle volume fraction ( \(0\% \le \phi \le 10\%\) ). Among the notable findings, increasing Re, \(\phi \) significantly enhances recirculation within the cavity. However, switching the base fluid from water to kerosene weakens recirculation strength. The horizontal velocity behaves oppositely to vertical velocity in response to these parameters. Notably, heat transfer improves with increasing \(\phi \) , Re, and Ri.

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Mixed Convective Nanofluid Flow Inside a Square Cavity for Different Base Fluids with Varying Thermal Conditions

  • 会议论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Rupam Saha,
  • B. Hema Sundar Raju

摘要

This present study examines mixed convection inside a lid-driven square cavity, comparing the thermo-physical properties of water and kerosene as base fluids, with \(Fe_3O_4\) nanoparticles held constant under varying thermal conditions on the cavity walls. The model is governed by the non-linear Navier-Stokes and energy equations, solved numerically utilizing a finite difference technique with a pseudo-time iterative technique. Key parameters analyzed include Reynolds number ( \(100 \le Re \le 500\) ), Prandtl number ( \(Pr=0.7\) for water, \(Pr=23\) for kerosene), Richardson number ( \(0 \le Ri \le 3\) ), and nanoparticle volume fraction ( \(0\% \le \phi \le 10\%\) ). Among the notable findings, increasing Re, \(\phi \) significantly enhances recirculation within the cavity. However, switching the base fluid from water to kerosene weakens recirculation strength. The horizontal velocity behaves oppositely to vertical velocity in response to these parameters. Notably, heat transfer improves with increasing \(\phi \) , Re, and Ri.