Japan is targeting to reach complete carbon neutrality by 2050 across various sectors, including agriculture. In the ongoing era of climate change, promoting strategic policies that ensure food security while minimising the environmental impact seems vital. The global outlook for chemical fertilisers prices expects prices to remain higher in the foreseeable future. Therefore, it is important and necessary to promote sustainable forms of agriculture, such as organic agriculture that is environmentally friendly. Japan’s Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries has been encouraging environmentally friendly agriculture since 1992. The Basic Law on Food, Agriculture, and Rural Areas, which includes organic farming, was enacted in 1999. Government policies have evolved to promote national self-sufficiency, food security, and sustainable development. This chapter is a brief review of sustainable rice farming and its promotional policies and challenges, focusing on the Shiga Prefecture, one of Japan’s leading prefectures for sustainable agriculture.