Brain degeneration health problems are growing worldwide because older people face greater risks of developing Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and different types of dementia. The process of brain aging and neurodegeneration emerges from cellular senescence that leads to an irreversible cessation of cell division while generating pro-inflammatory factors through its secretory phenotype known as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Persistent inflammation and higher oxidative stress develop when astrocyte microglia and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells accumulate because of senescence in the central nervous system of older adults, leading to cognitive decline. Research evidence demonstrates the neuroprotective effects of senescent cell elimination and contemporary medical knowledge for measuring and treating cellular aging-related deficits. The medical field utilizes two disease modification approaches: senolytic agents for senescent cell elimination and senomorphic drugs for SASP control while maintaining cell survival. Senescence-targeted therapies implemented clinically will lead to improved neurodegenerative disorder care through enhanced diagnostic methods combined with individualized medical treatments, which also safeguard aging people against cognitive deterioration.