Electronic devices and systems have profoundly transformed the world over the past four to five decades. Key milestones include the advent of mobile communication systems, the widespread adoption of computers, the emergence of IT tools and their applications, the rise of the internet, and the expansion of industrial automation. This chapter provides a concise overview of the history of electronic materials and devices, tracing their evolution from vacuum tubes to modern semiconductor technologies and their diverse applications. Emphasis is placed on microprocessors and single-chip central processing units (CPUs), which form the backbone of computer systems, mobile phones, data centers, automotive technologies, the gaming industry, and numerous other industrial applications. The discussion also covers memory technologies, input/output (I/O) devices, and other digital components that are essential to computing. Furthermore, the chapter examines various types of electronic systems, including application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), and systems on chip (SoCs), while highlighting emerging challenges and future directions in these domains. By integrating historical context with current developments, this work aims to serve as a valuable resource for both academia and industry, offering insights to guide future technology roadmaps and to advance the understanding of electronic devices and systems.