Objective This study examined the effects of a mantra meditation intervention on 100-m sprint performance, competitive state anxiety (CSAI-2), and norepinephrine levels in male student-sprinters. Methods Thirty male sprinters (mean age: 16.5 ± 0.5 years) with 100-m sprint times of ≤ 11.74 s were randomly assigned to a Mantra Meditation (MI) group (n = 15) or a Control (CON) group (n = 15). Both groups followed a standardized 12-week training program. The MI group additionally incorporated 30–40 min of mantra meditation three times per week following their training sessions. During meditation, participants chanted phrases designed to reduce negative emotions and cultivate inner peace. 100-m sprint times, CSAI-2 scores (cognitive, somatic, and self-confidence), and norepinephrine levels were assessed at baseline, week 6, and week 12. Two-way ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc tests (p < 0.05) were used for statistical analysis. Results A significant group-by-time interaction was found for cognitive anxiety, self-confidence, and sprint performance. In the MI group, cognitive anxiety and norepinephrine levels decreased significantly, somatic anxiety reduced, self-confidence increased, and 100-m sprint times improved. Compared to the CON group, the MI group demonstrated significantly greater improvements in 100-m performance, lower cognitive anxiety, and higher self-confidence at week 12. Conclusions This study provides evidence that a 12-week mantra meditation intervention can enhance 100-m sprint performance in male athletes. These performance gains were associated with a concurrent increase in self-confidence, a reduction in cognitive and somatic anxiety, and a decrease in norepinephrine levels.