This chapter provides an extensive overview of burial systems and beliefs regarding the afterlife in various cultures, particularly focusing on the Harappan civilisation. It explores the cultural significance and variations in burial customs across different regions. The document begins by discussing the human life cycle's significance, noting that the treatment of the dead has been a profound aspect of human societies since prehistoric times. Early burial practices often included grave goods, suggesting a belief in an afterlife. The earliest known burials, dating back to the Middle Palaeolithic period, have been discovered in various locations, such as the Tabun Cave in Israel and Shanidar Cave in Iraq, where Neanderthal remains were found with evidence of burial rituals. The chapter highlights the significance of these findings in understanding the evolution of burial practices. In the Indian subcontinent, evidence of burial practices dates back to sites like Mehrgarh and Mahadaha, with Harappan sites such as Harappa, Kalibangan, Farmana, Lothal, Rakhigarhi and Dholavira revealing extensive burial systems. The orientation of burials typically follows a north–south direction, and various types of burials have been identified, including extended inhumations and urn burials. The chapter further details the diverse burial repertoires present in Harappan culture, indicating a variety of practices that reflect the society's complexity. Burial furniture often included earthenware and personal belongings, suggesting social status and beliefs about the afterlife. Exotic items, such as gold jewellery and unique beads, were often included in burials, indicating the deceased's social status. The presence of such items implies a belief in the afterlife where these goods would be of use. It provides insights from various excavations, such as those at Harappa, Kalibangan, Rakhigarhi, and Dholavira, revealing the complexity of burial practices. Each site presents unique burial architectures, including mud-brick coffins and elaborate grave goods, reflecting the cultural significance of the dead.