Africa is rich of plant biodiversity with at least 65,000 plant species equating to 18.5% of the global diversity. Natural products, including those derived from medicinal plants, are increasingly preferred in the treatment of diseases and general well-being. This has put pressure on plant biodiversity as a result of over exploitation. In addition, habitat destruction and climate change have severely threatened the survival of many plant species, making many of them endangered or threatened with extinction. Reports on bioactive phytochemicals identified from these medicinal plants have shown that natural products have promising pharmaceutical properties. In this chapter, rare and endangered medicinal plants including Curtisia dentata, Milicia excelsa, Mondia whitei, Ocotea usambarensis, Prunus africana, Warburgia salutaris, and Warburgia ugandensis, among others, are discussed with special emphasis on their distribution, phytochemical constituents, and medicinal significance. Conservation strategies that can be put in place to ensure their survival are also highlighted. The conservation of endangered plants in Africa is crucial not only for maintaining biodiversity but also for preserving the ethnomedicinal knowledge and phytochemical resources they provide.