The global agricultural landscape is rapidly changing, necessitating innovative solutions for Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs), especially in developing countries. FPOs are crucial in enhancing farmer livelihoods and ensuring sustainable practices, but often face challenges such as fragmented supply chains, limited access to technology, and trust issues. To address these issues, there is a growing need to embrace concepts like circular supply chain practices (CSCP), effective product development (PD), and efficient knowledge management. However, there is a significant gap in understanding how these critical constructs can be integrated within FPO operations to enhance their operational performance (OP). This research examines the synergistic prospective of Blockchain technology adoption (BTA) and circular economy principles in enhancing the OP of FPOs in Maharashtra, India. Data collected from 380 FPO stakeholders through purposive sampling were analysed with Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) approach. According to the data, both CSCP and PD have a considerable influence on BTA inside FPOs. While market knowledge (MK) did not directly impact BTA, it maintained a positive influence on OP. Importantly, BTA acts as a significant mediator, amplifying the positive effects of CSCP and PD on OP. Future studies should look into the long-term effects of BTA on FPO performance, as well as whether these findings may be applied to other geographical contexts. This paper presents empirical evidence for the transformative effect of Blockchain technology in driving sustainability and innovation within FPOs, providing useful insights for FPO managers, regulators, and researchers.