Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) is a significant livestock species in tropical and subtropical regions, providing milk, meat, draft power, hide, and manure. Its domestication dates back to early agricultural societies, where it played a vital role in food security, energy generation, and rural livelihoods. While globally understudied compared to cattle, buffaloes contribute immensely to dairy production, particularly in Asia, which houses 98% of the global buffalo population. Countries like India, Pakistan, and China lead in buffalo farming, with India alone accounting for over half the global population. Buffalo milk, richer in fat and protein, supports dairy-based economies, while their resilience to poor-quality feed and diseases enhances their suitability for smallholder farming systems. Furthermore, buffalo meat is leaner and more nutritious compared to beef. This chapter explores the origin, domestication, diversity, and significant economic and ecological contributions of buffaloes, emphasizing their critical role in sustainable livestock production systems worldwide.