This study explores cascade refrigeration systems (CRS), specialized cooling arrangements designed to achieve and sustain ultra-low temperatures, reaching as low as −170 °C. The technology is significant because it allows for the production of very low temperatures despite high-pressure ratios and low volumetric efficiency in traditional systems. We discuss several research alternatives, including CRS designs, refrigerant investigations, system optimizations, and applications. By compiling and analyzing recent research findings, this review highlights advancements in CRS technology, emphasizing their environmental impact, efficiency improvements, and practical applications in fields such as medical, pharmaceutical, and industrial cooling. Through comprehensive literature synthesis, the study provides insights into the complexities and benefits of cascade refrigeration systems, contributing to a deeper understanding of their role in meeting modern cooling demands.