Graphene is a substance that has the ability to provide superior results at low cost in nearly all areas of human life. Due to its unique optical, chemical, electrical, and mechanical properties, graphene and its derivatives have drawn the interest of scientists and the research community. These qualities have applications in bioengineering, biotechnology, biomedicine, and disease diagnostics and therapy. The goal of this study is to examine and debate the following: (i) For the synthesis of graphene and its derivatives aims to talk about a “green synthesis” method using inexpensive ingredients that has no negative side effects. (ii) Different characterizations of graphene’s surface and structural behavior have been discussed. (iii) Graphene’s antimicrobial properties in the biomedical domain. The properties of graphene and its derivatives have been successfully explored through a variety of characterization techniques, including structural microscopy through XRD technique, surface spectroscopy (FESEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, thermal stability investigation through thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and antibacterial analysis. This section concludes by discussing the routes towards the synthesis of graphene and its derivatives, namely GO and T-rGO, as well as the surface topography and structural functional alteration of these materials. This overview provides a detailed account of the configuration path for graphene and its derivatives, whose uses have recently taken a fresh turn towards innovative and beneficial transformation in several fields of human welfare.