Effect of Biochar Amendment on the Phytoremediation Capabilities of Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil
摘要
Rapid population growth and anthropogenic interference result in excessive usage and accumulation of heavy metals. The biomagnification of these non-degradable and persistent contaminants affects ecosystem functions and threatens sustenance and ecological health. This necessitates immediate attention towards removing these heavy metal contaminants, but is limited by the cost and additional contamination risks of the conventional physico-chemical processes. Phytoremediation is a nature-based solution for removing heavy metal contaminants from soil through plant growth. However, the chemical and physical properties of the soil, plant hyperaccumulation capacity, and growth characteristics can limit the efficiency of the process. Biochar is a carbon-rich, highly porous, stable organic material that supports plant growth by improving soil nutrient content and water-holding capacity. Moreover, the functional groups present in biochar also provide binding sites for contaminants. Therefore, biochar amendment in soil can enhance phytoremediation by reducing mobility and toxicity impacts on the plant system. In this study, the effect of biochar produced from sugarcane bagasse on soil contaminated with multiple heavy metals such as lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd) is explored. Pot experiments using Chrysopogon zizanioides (Vetiver grass) were conducted for one-month period to compare the biochar-amended soil and bare soil (CK). The phytoextraction by the plants in the BAS was observed to be lower than in the control pots due to the reduced bioavailability of the metals with biochar. The heavy metal content shows a decline of 89%, 74% in Cd and Zn biochar-amended samples, respectively. The plant biomass shows a significant increase in Pb and Zn with amendment. The findings from this study prove the efficacy of biochar amendment in strengthening phytoremediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils.