Aptamer-based technologies are possibly the emerging category that would revolutionize cancer diagnosis and cure. Aptamers offer considerable hope for early cancer detection and the creation of a new class of therapeutics due to their high specificity and strong binding affinity for target proteins, offering a new alternative to conventional antibodies. However, these promises have not come without the multiple prohibitive challenges of translating aptamer methodologies from research to clinical settings, particularly in terms of regulation and intellectual property rights (IPR). The key regulatory mechanisms for aptamer diagnostics and therapeutics are complicated and often differ across geopolitical zones. Such factors create difficulties in establishing uniform regulatory approval and placement into worldwide markets. On the other hand, the IPR landscape for aptamers is convoluted; it is beset with strategic patenting efforts, which could impact innovation and global accessibility. This chapter gives the importance of aptamers in cancer diagnosis and therapy and the mechanism and advantages of cancer diagnosis using aptamers. This chapter also gives the regulatory frameworks for aptamer-based products, intellectual property rights (IPR) for aptamer technologies, key challenges in regulatory approval, and clinical trials.