Generally, the term pollution is derived from the production and consumption of resources, where the produced streams are very wasteful in their current state. Most of these waste streams cannot be reintegrated into the environment efficiently or economically. Environmental pollution is classified mainly into air, water, and soil pollution. These pollution types not only destroy biodiversity but also hurt the living’s health. On the other hand, pollution levels that are increasing day by day need better developments or technological discoveries immediately. The concept of molecular level pollution control is either the detection or separation of definite molecules from atoms and molecules mixture. There are many technologies developed for effectively treating environmental pollutants. However, the science and engineering area that is responsible for tomorrow’s breakthroughs is “Nanotechnology.” Nanotechnology can develop the current environmental technologies to generate novel technology, which is more advanced compared with the existing technologies. Consequently, environmental nanotechnology has a vital role in the development of current environmental science and engineering. In this sense, nanotechnology has two main capabilities that can be applied in the field of environment protection, including the clean up or remediation or purification and the detection or sensing of contaminants. This book chapter highlights the recent nanotechnology progresses and its impact on the efficient detection and cleaning the hazardous air contaminates with low-cost efficient and fast process. Essentially, the main features of this justification are to briefly outline the nanotechnology advantages compared with conventional air purification technologies and then highlight the applications of some nanomaterials for detecting air contaminants, as well as cleaning, maintaining, and enhancing air quality. Finally, the future horizons of such nanomaterials for gas sensing and remediation applications are also emphasized.