Aptamer-based nanobiosensors are changing the landscape of precision agriculture (PA) by providing cutting-edge tools for monitoring and managing agricultural systems in real time. In this chapter, we review the methodologies and applications of aptamer-nanobiosensors, which utilize the high affinity and specificity of aptamers to bind to target molecules, combined with the unique properties of nanomaterials. We first provide a basic background on aptamer technology and then discuss their coupling with nanomaterials, which include materials like gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), quantum dots (QDs), and others. Nanomaterials increase sensor sensitivity and specificity, ensuring their broad utilization for environmental and agricultural detection of a variety of parameters. Sensor development is described, including aptamer selection, strategies for coupling aptamers to nanomaterials, and methods for developing sensors. Applications to precision agriculture, including monitoring for soil-based nutrients, detecting plant diseases, and identifying pests and pollutants, are highlighted. Each application is illustrated with case studies that focus on how these sensors can help increase crop health and improve the use of resources while developing sustainability. In addition, the real-world challenges are discussed, including sensor robustness, scaling, and sensor integration with digital agriculture platforms. Finally, we highlight prospects for future research and development that include sensor development and forcing the integration of novelly developed aptamer-nanobiosensors into data science methodology to assist in fine-tuning agricultural practice and yield. The chapter concludes with the overall importance of increased tracking of targeted pest detection and sustainability through the use of aptamer-nanobiosensors.