It introduces the substantive rules pertaining to the conduct of hostilities. It seeks to describe the rules and principles relating to combatants, non-combatants, prisoners of war, civilians, means and methods of war and environment. It tries to offer a short discussion in respect of the concerned rights and obligations of protected persons and belligerents. In doing so, the chapter intends to deal with the relevant treaty-provisions, customary international law, views of the ICRC and international judicial decisions in respect of international and non-international armed conflicts.