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Heavy metals or metalloids that contaminate soil by natural or anthropogenic activities have a deleterious impact on the ecosystem. Soil contamination with heavy metals and associated hazards is a grave concern and demands necessary actions. Accumulation of heavy metals such as chromium, nickel, zinc, lead, copper, mercury and cobalt in the ecosystem destroys the food chains immensely and elevates the risk of various fatal diseases such as kidney disease, bone and cardiovascular abnormalities, hypertension, low birth weight, cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Besides the contamination of soil, these contaminants also heavily contaminate the groundwater which in turn has led to significant agricultural loss and compromised food quality. Numerous strategies such as soil replacement, electrokinetic remediation, immobilization, encapsulation and soil washing by using various reagents are currently employed to restore the heavy metal contaminated soil. However, the most affordable and eco-friendly method being extensively explored in recent times is phytoremediation. Amongst the various plants used as heavy metal remediators, pteridophytes such as Pteris, Pityrogramma, Adiantum, Nephrolepis, Asplenium, Athyrium, Azolla, Blechnum and Pellaea have been revealed to effectively restore contaminated soil. Among heavy metal hyperaccumulating ferns, Pteris vittata L. has been extensively studied. Removal of heavy metal defilements with pteridophytes can be achieved using phytoremediation techniques such as phytoextraction, rhizofiltration and phytostabilization. Moreover, the symbiotic association of microbes and ferns has been shown to significantly enhance the phytoremediation process. Several metal-binding protein (MBP) coding genes (MT2 and PCS1) and metal transfer genes (SmNhaD and ACR3) are upregulated during the heavy metal phytoremediation process in pteridophytes. In this chapter, we have made an effort to comprehensively compile some heavy metal accumulating pteridophytes and portray their relevant phytoremediation mechanism.

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Pteridophytes: Potential Phytoremediator for a Sustainable Environment

  • 章节

  • 发表日期：

    2025年

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  • Jinnatunnesa Khatun,
  • Nishika Jaishee,
  • Ayan Roy,
  • Rohini Lama

摘要

Heavy metals or metalloids that contaminate soil by natural or anthropogenic activities have a deleterious impact on the ecosystem. Soil contamination with heavy metals and associated hazards is a grave concern and demands necessary actions. Accumulation of heavy metals such as chromium, nickel, zinc, lead, copper, mercury and cobalt in the ecosystem destroys the food chains immensely and elevates the risk of various fatal diseases such as kidney disease, bone and cardiovascular abnormalities, hypertension, low birth weight, cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Besides the contamination of soil, these contaminants also heavily contaminate the groundwater which in turn has led to significant agricultural loss and compromised food quality. Numerous strategies such as soil replacement, electrokinetic remediation, immobilization, encapsulation and soil washing by using various reagents are currently employed to restore the heavy metal contaminated soil. However, the most affordable and eco-friendly method being extensively explored in recent times is phytoremediation. Amongst the various plants used as heavy metal remediators, pteridophytes such as Pteris, Pityrogramma, Adiantum, Nephrolepis, Asplenium, Athyrium, Azolla, Blechnum and Pellaea have been revealed to effectively restore contaminated soil. Among heavy metal hyperaccumulating ferns, Pteris vittata L. has been extensively studied. Removal of heavy metal defilements with pteridophytes can be achieved using phytoremediation techniques such as phytoextraction, rhizofiltration and phytostabilization. Moreover, the symbiotic association of microbes and ferns has been shown to significantly enhance the phytoremediation process. Several metal-binding protein (MBP) coding genes (MT2 and PCS1) and metal transfer genes (SmNhaD and ACR3) are upregulated during the heavy metal phytoremediation process in pteridophytes. In this chapter, we have made an effort to comprehensively compile some heavy metal accumulating pteridophytes and portray their relevant phytoremediation mechanism.