The application of artificial intelligence (AI) in global scientific research is deepening and has become an important driving force for research innovation. This article outlines the strategic policy layouts of various governments in the field of “AI for Science” (AI4S) from the perspectives of frontier scientific research, research infrastructure construction, and talent cultivation. It analyzes the socialization trends of innovation brought about by AI4S and summarizes the entire process of AI's role in identifying research problems, conducting experimental analysis, fostering collaboration, disseminating research findings, and managing research evaluation. Finally, the article addresses the challenges and trends in the development of AI4S, proposing relevant questions and countermeasures from the angles of human-centered approaches, ethical considerations, and regulatory improvements, with the aim of promoting sustainable innovation and secure development in AI4S.