Climate Change in the Twenty-First Century and Evolution of International Order
摘要
As we suggested, climate change cannot be taken out of the equation; it is a significant variable beside the shift in the balance of power, technology, and war. We have seen how the climate change and desertification led the herd people to move from the now-desert areas to live by the banks of the Nile in Egypt forming the first nation-state paving the way for the creation and formation of International Order and its evolution and expansion. We have seen how the climate change that caused drought in the Levant moved Amorite tribes to Mesopotamia causing the fall of the Akkadian state, and paving the way for the Assyrian and Babylonian empires to take its place. We have also seen how the effect of such climatic changes caused famines in and around Egypt leading to its fall due to the weakness of the central government in dealing with these catastrophic events and eventually leading to a civil war, and how the climate change that caused famines around Egypt in the impoverished area led to waves of migrations that led eventually to the Hyksos invasion neutralizing Egypt from its global position as a power in the International Order. It also led to the transfer of technology like the Asiatic military chariots which had become the most decisive tool in Egypt’s struggle for its liberation and its wars with the rivals. Climate change itself was an inclusive variable that was associated with technology transfer and war, leading to shift in balance of power and the Evolution of International Order. We also have seen how the Thera Eruption led to the elimination of the Minoan civilization, paving the way for the Mycenaeans to rise, and also how it led to the waves of migration from the Sea People to Egypt, with all the consequences that came out of these waves of migration—from being recruited as bodyguards of the King, as Ramesses did in Battle of Kadesh, and taking high positions in the country, to the control of those “sea people” over the whole country centuries later with the Greek rule over Egypt, with Alexander the Great’s conquest of the Persians in Egypt a thousand years later. In addition to Aryan migrations from Central Asia and Persia to the Indus Valley, the great floods of the Yellow River, controlled by Yu the Great, created civilized communities in Xia China.