Environmental noise constitutes a significant environmental challenge in metropolitan areas, wherein road traffic noise, a primary urban pollutant, remains substantially underestimated despite presenting considerable health risks. This study aims to evaluate noise levels within and around noise-sensitive urban areas and to assess public awareness of the associated health risks. Field measurements were collected to validate the applicability of standard noise models, which were subsequently employed to characterize the acoustic environment and to evaluate exposure levels within the residential areas. A questionnaire survey involving 1623 residents was administered to assess the impact of noise exposure and public awareness. Statistical analyses, including the chi-square test, Shapiro–Wilk test, and Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, were employed to validate noise levels and identify key determinants of public perception of increased noise pollution health risks. The results reveal excessive noise levels, with 61.9% of residents exposed to noise exceeding the safe limits. A strong correlation (r2 = 0.83) was found between measured and modeled noise. Despite a relatively high literacy rate of 73.8% and a predominantly young population, the majority of respondents exhibited limited or no awareness of the significant adverse health effects of traffic noise, indicating a considerable knowledge gap. To effectively address this issue and to ensure regulatory compliance, it is imperative to prioritize public education, develop targeted communication strategies, and enhance local interventions. A strong emphasis on public awareness is crucial to mitigate the health impacts of noise pollution.